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Protein Science (2001), 10:911-922.
Copyright © 2001 The Protein Society

Crystal structure of E. coli ß–carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme with an unusual pH–dependent activity

Jeff D. Cronk1, James A. Endrizzi2, Michelle R. Cronk1, Jason W. O'neill1 and Kam Y.J. Zhang1

1 Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA
2 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3206, USA

Reprint requests to: Kam Y.J. Zhang, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; e-mail: kzhang{at}fhcrc.org; fax: (206) 667-3331.

Carbonic anhydrases fall into three distinct evolutionary and structural classes: {alpha}, ß, and {gamma}. The ß-class carbonic anhydrases (ß-CAs) are widely distributed among higher plants, simple eukaryotes, eubacteria, and archaea. We have determined the crystal structure of ECCA, a ß-CA from Escherichia coli, to a resolution of 2.0 Å. In agreement with the structure of the ß-CA from the chloroplast of the red alga Porphyridium purpureum, the active-site zinc in ECCA is tetrahedrally coordinated by the side chains of four conserved residues. These results confirm the observation of a unique pattern of zinc ligation in at least some ß-CAs. The absence of a water molecule in the inner coordination sphere is inconsistent with known mechanisms of CA activity. ECCA activity is highly pH-dependent in the physiological range, and its expression in yeast complements an oxygen-sensitive phenotype displayed by a ß-CA-deletion strain. The structural and biochemical characterizations of ECCA presented here and the comparisons with other ß-CA structures suggest that ECCA can adopt two distinct conformations displaying widely divergent catalytic rates.

Keywords: Carbonic anhydrase; crystal structure; metalloenzyme; zinc coordination; pH-dependent activity

Abbreviations: CA, carbonic anhydrase • ECCA, Escherichia coli ß-carbonic anhydrase • PPCA, Porphyridium purpureum ß-carbonic anhydrase • PSCA, Pisum sativum ß-carbonic anhydrase • EXAFS, extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy • MAD, multiwavelength anomalous dispersion


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